Treatment For Depression In Young People
Encourage young people to talk about how they feel with someone they know and trust, such as a parent, teacher, school counsellor, family member or friend.An important next step is for the young person to visit their doctor to learn whether they have depression and what can be done to treat it. Support for people with depression can include psychological therapy that focuses on building skills to deal with life stresses and to change negative thinking patterns.Your doctor may also add antidepressant medication to the treatment plan. It can take up to six weeks to feel better after treatment with medication begins, but most young people will notice an improvement. Encourage them to speak with their doctor about any changes in their moods.Self-help tips for improving mental health include:
- exercising regularly
- practising relaxation techniques
- doing something enjoyable.
Many people find it hard to ask for professional help and sometimes young people do not want to go to a healthcare professional. If this is the case, you could let them know that depression is common and that you are concerned. Try giving them some information about depression and also point out some of the comprehensive websites (such as youthbeyondblue
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What Were The Causes Of The Great Depression
Four factors played roles of varying importance. The stock market crash of 1929 shattered confidence in the American economy, resulting in sharp reductions in spending and investment. Banking panics in the early 1930s caused many banks to fail, decreasing the pool of money available for loans. The gold standard required foreign central banks to raise interest rates to counteract trade imbalances with the United States, depressing spending and investment in those countries. The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act imposed steep tariffs on many industrial and agricultural goods, inviting retaliatory measures that ultimately reduced output and caused global trade to contract.
Great Depression, worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted until about 1939. It was the longest and most severe depression ever experienced by the industrialized Western world, sparking fundamental changes in economic institutions, macroeconomic policy, and economic theory. Although it originated in the United States, the Great Depression caused drastic declines in output, severe unemployment, and acute deflation in almost every country of the world. Its social and cultural effects were no less staggering, especially in the United States, where the Great Depression represented the harshest adversity faced by Americans since the Civil War.
The Collapse Of German Banks
The German government’s initial response to the crash of ’29, and the subsequent withdrawal of American capital by retrenchment, involved cutting public services to preserve solvency. The traumatic experience of extreme inflation in the early 1920s caused the government to respond to the crisis by decreasing, rather than increasing, public expenditure, which in turn worsened the economic conditions. Declining productivity, mass unemployment, and business failures ensued. When the Reichstag obstructed Chancellor Bruning’s effort to maintain such a policy, Bruning resorted to the use of emergency powers granted by the President to implement measures so unpopular they earned him the moniker, “Hunger Chancellor.” The collapse of German banks in 1931 marked the start of a downward spiral into depression. In 1932, Germany defaulted on its reparations two years later, Britain and France defaulted on their own war debts, which were owed primarily to the United States.
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How Did The Great Depression Change The Role Of Government In America
The Great Depression and the subsequent New Deal had a significant impact on Americans’ views of the role of the government, particularly at the federal level. Polls taken in the 1930s showed strong support for the New Deal and its major government programs, interventions, and regulations. This level of broad approval for federal interventions has not stayed as high since the Depression era, however.
Women In The Great Depression
There was one group of Americans who actually gained jobs during the Great Depression: Women. From 1930 to 1940, the number of employed women in the United States rose 24 percent from 10.5 million to 13 million Though theyd been steadily entering the workforce for decades, the financial pressures of the Great Depression drove women to seek employment in ever greater numbers as male breadwinners lost their jobs. The 22 percent decline in marriage rates between 1929 and 1939 also created an increase in single women in search of employment.
Women during the Great Depression had a strong advocate in First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, who lobbied her husband for more women in officelike Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins, the first woman to ever hold a cabinet position.
Jobs available to women paid less but were more stable during the banking crisis: nursing, teaching and domestic work. They were supplanted by an increase in secretarial roles in FDRs rapidly-expanding government. But there was a catch: over 25 percent of the National Recovery Administrations wage codes set lower wages for women, and jobs created under the WPA confined women to fields like sewing and nursing that paid less than roles reserved for men.
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Great Depression Ends And World War Ii Begins
With Roosevelts decision to support Britain and France in the struggle against Germany and the other Axis Powers, defense manufacturing geared up, producing more and more private-sector jobs.
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 led to Americas entry into World War II, and the nations factories went back in full production mode.
This expanding industrial production, as well as widespread conscription beginning in 1942, reduced the unemployment rate to below its pre-Depression level. The Great Depression had ended at last, and the United States turned its attention to the global conflict of World War II.
How Did The Great Depression Affect Banks
The Great Depression had devastating effects on banks as it forced a third of the US banks to close down. This was because once people heard the news regarding the stock market crash, they rushed to withdraw their money to protect their finances, which caused even financially healthy banks to shut down.
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Consequences Of The Great Depression
By the end of the Second World War in 1945, the majority of the British people, and particularly the working class and returning servicemen and women, were keenly dissatisfied. They rejected a return to pre-war Conservative economic policies, which they blamed for the hardship of the 1930s. They demanded widespread social change. At the 1945 general election, to the surprise of most observers, Conservatives led by Winston Churchill were defeated by the Labour Party headed by Clement Attlee.
The Labour government built up from pre-war foundations what was to become a comprehensive ‘cradle-to-grave’ welfare state, and established a tax funded National Health Service, which gave treatment according to need rather than ability to pay as the previous tax funded system had been. The Labour government also enacted Keynesian economic policies, to create artificial economic demand leading to full employment. These policies became known as the “post-war consensus“, and were accepted by all major political parties at different times.
What Was The Great Depression
The Great Depression, which began in the United States in 1929 and spread worldwide, was the longest and most severe economic downturn in modern history. It was marked by steep declines in industrial production and in prices , mass unemployment, banking panics, and sharp increases in rates of poverty and homelessness.
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Great Depression Timeline: 19291941
Kimberly Amadeo is an expert on U.S. and world economies and investing, with over 20 years of experience in economic analysis and business strategy. She is the President of the economic website World Money Watch. As a writer for The Balance, Kimberly provides insight on the state of the present-day economy, as well as past events that have had a lasting impact.
Erika Rasure, is the Founder of Crypto Goddess, the first learning community curated for women to learn how to invest their moneyand themselvesin crypto, blockchain, and the future of finance and digital assets. She is a financial therapist and is globally-recognized as a leading personal finance and cryptocurrency subject matter expert and educator.
The Balance / Hilary Allison
The Great Depression lasted from August 1929 to June 1938, almost 10 years. The economy started to shrink in August 1929, months before the stock market crash in October of that year.
The economy began growing again in 1938, but unemployment remained higher than 10% until 1941. That’s when the United States entered World War II.
This timeline covers significant events from 1929 through 1941.
An Epidemic Of Depression
All diseases of modernity exhibit the sine qua non characteristic of an increasing incidence over time, because the environment continues to deviate further from the human EEA and individuals live longer within these novel environments. Depression is certainly not new, though its prevalence throughout human history is unknown. The affliction of sorrow, fright, and despondency exhibits remarkable historical continuity from ancient to modern times . Evidence for or against the possibility of changing rates over millennia and centuries is wanting. In his encyclopedic account of the subtypes, causes, and treatments of melancholy, from the 17th century, Richard Burton notes its ubiquity:
Being then a disease so grievous, so common, I know not wherein to do a more general service, and to spend my time better, than to prescribe means how to prevent and cure so universal a malady, an epidemical disease, that so often, so much crucifies the body and minds
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The Four Phases Of The Great Depression
When you think of the Great Depression, probably the first thing that comes to mind is the massive stock market crash of 1929, when stock prices plummeted spectacularly and investors dumped their stocks as fast as they could. The ensuing panic was memorable indeed, but it was only one aspect of the Depression. In fact, the Depression had four distinct phases:
Each of these phases are marked by distinct events, and each had their own specific causes. Together they produced one common result: business stagnation and unemployment on a scale never before seen in the United States. Lets examine each phase and its causes in turn.
Causes Of The Great Depression
The Great Depression of the late 1920s and 30s remains the longest and most severe economic downturn in modern history. Lasting almost 10 years and affecting nearly every country in the world, it was marked by steep declines in industrial production and in prices , mass unemployment, banking panics, and sharp increases in rates of poverty and homelessness. In the United States, where the effects of the depression were generally worst, between 1929 and 1933 industrial production fell nearly 47 percent, gross domestic product declined by 30 percent, and unemployment reached more than 20 percent. By comparison, during the Great Recession of 200709, the second largest economic downturn in U.S. history, GDP declined by 4.3 percent, and unemployment reached slightly less than 10 percent.
There is no consensus among economists and historians regarding the exact causes of the Great Depression. However, many scholars agree that at least the following four factors played a role.
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A Revealing Gap In Our Knowledge About Depression
Posted December 23, 2010
For all the vast research we have on depression, with millions spent on genotyping, brain scans, and intervention studies, I have discovered a massive and most embarrassing hole in our knowledge.
Usually when we want to understand a serious problem, say, an airline accident, we start at the beginning. An investigator will want to inspect maintenance records and analyze data from the flight recorder. He or she will establish a detailed timeline. A critical mark on this timeline is the first sign of something unusual. Often the eventual outcome –the plane slamming into a mountainside– comes at the end of a chain of unfortunate events . To understand what happened, one needs to go to the beginning of the chain.
It seems reasonable to apply the methods of accident investigation to depression. How does it start? What are its warning signs and first symptoms? A specialized term from medicine to denote the idea of first symptoms is a prodrome.
It turns out that we know almost nothing about the depressive prodrome. The amount of research is paltry, and nearly all of it is retrospective, meaning people who have already become depressed are asked to reflect on what they can remember about what was going wrong before they got depressed. This is a poor method for the task at hand because human memory lacks the fidelity of a flight data recorder. Memory is a fallible record at best and depression only makes it more so!
Comparison With The Great Recession
The worldwide economic decline after 2008 has been compared to the 1930s.
The causes of the Great Recession seem similar to the Great Depression, but significant differences exist. The then-chairman of the Federal Reserve, Ben Bernanke, had extensively studied the Great Depression as part of his doctoral work at MIT, and implemented policies to manipulate the money supply and interest rates in ways that were not done in the 1930s. Bernanke’s policies will undoubtedly be analyzed and scrutinized in the years to come, as economists debate the wisdom of his choices. In 2011, one journalist contrasted the Great Depression of the 1930s as opposed to the late-2000s recession.
1928 and 1929 were the times in the 20th century that the wealth gap reached such skewed extremes half the unemployed had been out of work for over six months, something that was not repeated until the late-2000s recession. 2007 and 2008 eventually saw the world reach new levels of wealth gap inequality that rivalled the years of 1928 and 1929.
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Vulnerabilities In The Global Economy
Curb Market traders gesture with their hands to trade stocks, on Wall Street, New York City.
Hulton Archive/Getty Images
In the 1920s, nations bounced back from the disruption and destruction caused by World War I, with factories and farms producing again, Richardson notes. But the nature of the economy in the United States and elsewhere shifted, as ordinary consumers buying durable goods such as appliances and carsoften on creditbecame more and more important.
While that consumption created a lot of wealth for business owners, it also made them vulnerable to sudden shifts in consumer confidence. At the same time, nations who were producing a lot of products and exporting them became fierce competitors. The war had eliminated a lot of the cooperation between nations that was required to run the international financial system, Richardson says. That inability to work together at controlling problems meant that any one countrys efforts to control a downturn were less effective.
Ancient Greek And Roman Philosophy
Hippocrates, a Greek physician, suggested that depression was caused by four imbalanced body fluids called humours: yellow bile, black bile, phlegm, and blood. Specifically, he thought that melancholia was caused by too much black bile in the spleen. Hippocrates’ treatments of choice included bloodletting, baths, exercise, and diet.
A Roman philosopher and statesman named Cicero, in contrast, believed that melancholia had psychological causes such as rage, fear, and grief.
In the last years before the common era, in spite of some steps toward believing in more physical and mental causes of depression, it was still a very common belief among even educated Romans that depression and other mental illnesses were caused by demons and by the anger of the gods.
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Banks Refusing To Lend Money To Business
Banks refused to lend money to businesses because of the lack of confidence in the economy. This contributed to the business failures. Moreover, those businesses that already had loans were struggling to repay them due to the low-profit margins, which also contributed not only to the businesses failures but also the banks failures.
Turning Point And Recovery
In most countries of the world, recovery from the Great Depression began in 1933. In the U.S., recovery began in early 1933, but the U.S. did not return to 1929 GNP for over a decade and still had an unemployment rate of about 15% in 1940, albeit down from the high of 25% in 1933.
According to Christina Romer, the money supply growth caused by huge international gold inflows was a crucial source of the recovery of the United States economy, and that the economy showed little sign of self-correction. The gold inflows were partly due to devaluation of the U.S. dollar and partly due to deterioration of the political situation in Europe. In their book, A Monetary History of the United States, Milton Friedman and Anna J. Schwartz also attributed the recovery to monetary factors, and contended that it was much slowed by poor management of money by the Federal Reserve System. Former Chairman of the Federal ReserveBen Bernanke agreed that monetary factors played important roles both in the worldwide economic decline and eventual recovery. Bernanke also saw a strong role for institutional factors, particularly the rebuilding and restructuring of the financial system, and pointed out that the Depression should be examined in an international perspective.
Role of women and household economics
World War II and recovery
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