Search Strategy And Review Criteria
On 17 January 2020, we consulted the databases MEDLINE , Scopus, Web of Science and EMBASE. These databases are widely used in review studies and the majority of them are included in the optimal database combination search which guarantee an adequate and efficient coverage of the scientific literature. This was supplemented by manual searching of journals indexed in the first quartile of OT according to the SCImago Journal Rank in 2018: American Journal of Occupational Therapy, Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation and Occupational Therapy Journal of Research. We excluded the Journal of Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics as it belongs to the paediatric community, a criterion for exclusion from this review. In addition, grey literature was hand searched in TESEO which is a Spanish doctoral thesis database. We used the same search strategy in all databases and journals consulted, using all the disorders included in SMI, OT, and intervention as search terms, with Boolean operators OR and AND .
No patients or public were involved in this review.
Emerging Themes From Qualitative Data
Results from focus groups and phone interviews indicated that the participants felt they experienced benefits from occupational therapy and SCUBA diving, and these benefits were sustained one-month post participation. Analysis of qualitative data revealed three themes: Benefits of occupational therapy, SCUBA benefits, and Universality in daily life.
Nonpharmacological Treatment For Supporting Social Participation Of Adults With Depression
Abstract
1. Introduction
Depression is a global concern and is predicted to become the leading, serious, and chronic noncommunicative disease by 2030 . Depression is frequently revealed by an individuals poor social experience and impaired social functioning . Furthermore, depression may produce long-term behavioral change by increasing social avoidance , which has an impact on ones occupation, especially social participation . As people with depression are overwhelmed with negative thoughts and have a lesser drive to participate in social activities, they are at a high risk of experiencing a relapse of symptoms, resulting in diminished self-love, life satisfaction, and quality of life . The importance of occupational performance and social participation is supported and covered by activity and participation in the World Health Organizations International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health .
The objective of this research was to review intervention programs that support the social participation of adults with depression and their effectiveness. This systematic review only included research studies of nonpharmacological treatment that resulted in behavioral and emotional changes in social participation for the primary focus and also included other effective factors resulting from the intervention programs such as life satisfaction and QoL as relevant to achieve the objective.
2. Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
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Is Occupational Therapy Considered Mental Health Assistance
Mental health is an essential component of all occupational therapy interventions. Occupational therapists provide mental health treatment and prevention services for all children, youth, the aged, and people with severe and persistent mental illness. All interventions focus on improving each clients function and independence.
Occupational therapists work in mental health settings and they focus on enabling persons to re-engage in useful occupations. How do they do this? They help each client build a variety of skill sets, establish good habits and routines, set therapy goals, apply cognitive-behavioral techniques , and understand and counter physiological influences.
Within the settings of childrens and adolescents mental health, occupational therapy focuses on these physiological influences. They teach clients how to identify and utilize self-regulation strategies to get them back to participating in meaningful activities like going to school or work and interacting with family and friends.
Also, occupational therapists serve individuals with sensory processing disorders and social-emotional learning dysfunctions. These conditions are usually seen within the children and adolescent segments of the mental health sector.
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Occupational Therapy Assessment Of Depression
The occupational therapist assesses all areas of impairments. By taking a structured or unstructured interview with the patient and caretaker. Occupational therapist focuses on some specific areas related to occupational therapy intervention.
Areas addressed in assessment-
To assess all these areas occupational therapist may use different methods:
Interviews occupational profile, standardized tests, clinical observation and rating scales and Questionnaires.
These methods include different scales, such as-
General Assessment of mental status- Mini-Mental State Examination.
Assessments of cognition and affect Allen Cognitive level Test, Beck Depression Inventory, Elder Depression Scale, and Hamilton depression Rating Scale.
Assessment of task performance and Assessment of occupational performance and occupational roles- Canadian Occupational Performance Measure and Occupational Case Analysis Interview Rating Scale .
Identifying The Research Question
We began our pursuit of the role of occupational therapy with new mothers experiencing PPD. However, we recognize that this area is emerging, and there is a need to focus on the effect of PPD on the entire circle of care. After consultations with expert occupational therapists whose main focus is women’s health, the primary question we used to direct this scoping review was the following: What is the role of occupational therapy as a health intervention to improve health and quality of life outcomes in women diagnosed with PPD?
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Creating A Meaningful Life
Occupational therapists can help you explore life roles that you find meaningful. They will help you to adapt your daily schedule so that you will have the time to pursue these fulfilling occupations to derive a sense of accomplishment. These roles may be worker, student, family member, friend, or hobbyist.
An occupational therapist will also help you to figure out what may stop you from being able to pursue those meaningful occupations. Some of these occurrences may be going to work late or being overwhelmed by tasks. For example, an occupational therapist may help a mother suffering from depression to make shopping lists and plan simple meals. Also, if you enjoy gardening, then you may start a backyard garden.
Resuming Activities: How To Drive Change
Since occupational therapists work to help people become autonomous and regain satisfactory functional levels, they can support you in resuming your activities following recovery from depression.
When treating depression, introducing a routine is essential since it acts as a significant mood regulator. To do so, the OT relies heavily on the concept of the occupational schedule, or the way in which a person structures and allocates activities throughout the day.
The OT can focus on developing an activity program using a concrete list of in-clinic activities. Doing so allows the OT to better understand, and then share with you, how current energy levels affect your performance, which activities are most challenging to reintegrate into your routine, why these specific activities remain difficult, and the complex interconnections between your mood and your activities.
This functional analysis further enables the OT to set up an action plan to help you gradually resume your activities, while taking your priorities, values, and difficulties into consideration. The objective is to properly balance your lifestyle to ensure good mental health and prevent a relapse. The OT will support you in developing your own strategies, so you can play a key role in your own rehabilitation.
Here are some techniques the OT can implement with you as part of your activity program:
- Participating in pleasant activities
- Gradually increasing the number of activities and their degree of complexity
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Problems Associated With Depression
Depression is a very common mood disorder with symptoms that affect an individual’s abilities to complete day to day living activities such as the ones listed below:
- Complete work activities
- Complete household duties- cooking and cleaning
Our Occupational Therapist have the skills and knowledge to identify the difficulties an individual with depression is having for example, getting washed and dressed, going to the shops or cleaning and will provide practical solutions. Our Occupational Therapists work with individuals to help them improve upon or regain their independence by utilising different strategies, changing the environment and use of new equipment.
Once our Occupational Therapists have identified the challenges an individual faces they can help by:
- Practicing activities in manageable stages.
- Teaching individuals how to grade activities appropriately.
- Recommend changes, to make activities easier to complete.
- Provide aids to help individual’s complete daily activities successfully.
Each of the above modifications allows individuals with depression to maintain and improve upon their abilities to complete day to day tasks, and increase their overall health and wellbeing along with life satisfaction.
What Is Occupational Therapy
Occupational therapy is a health care branch that helps people with health challenges live their regular lives through the therapeutic use of normal daily activities. This therapy is used to help rehabilitate individuals and enable them to live with a disability, injury, or illness.
Occupational therapistsare professionals in the field who work with patients to support and enable them to take part in everyday life activities. Occupational therapy provides a way for people with injuries, developmental disabilities, learning disabilities, cognitive impairments, and mental illnesses to receive supportive and rehabilitative services that promote their well-being and help them get back to their regular routines.
Occupational therapists and occupational therapy assistants typically work with a range of therapeutic techniques to promote their patients’ progress and treatment plans. Additionally, occupational therapy can be used in many different settings, such as physical health care settings, mental illness support services, and even in educational environments.
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Theme : Managing The Experience Of Motherhood In The Context Of Depression
All articles in our review described productive , emotional , and physical issues that occupational therapists address with this population.
Subtheme: Breastfeeding as an Occupation
Our review found two articles that described breast-feeding as within the domain of occupational therapists because of involvement of activities of daily living, feeding, and eating . One expert opinion article specifically discussed the role that occupational therapists can play in addressing the challenges that many new mothers face with breastfeeding . Breastfeeding was described as a meaningful co-occupation. Pitonyak argued that many mothers and babies need assistance to resolve difficulties with breast-feeding to reduce the risk of PPD and suggested roles for occupational therapists to enable new mothers to balance breastfeeding with other occupations through developing routines, addressing social and/or physical environment barriers, and making breastfeeding ergonomically safe.
Subtheme: Ergonomic Interventions to Support Occupations
Subtheme: Psychosocial Interventions to Support Occupational Engagement
Our review also showed roles for occupational therapists in supporting occupational balance and emotional well-being through psychoeducation, psychotherapy, mindfulness, and relaxation .
Theme : Value Added Of Occupational Therapy To Current Ppd Best Practices
The review highlighted gaps in the delivery and coordination of services for women with antenatal depression and PPD. Most studies that were excluded had a strong focus on medical and pharmacological treatments. Several studies in our review emphasized the importance of occupational therapy to contextualize best practice care within the strengths and goals of the client, rather than the illness alone. Occupational therapy was viewed as having a unique potential contribution to the care experience, specifically, for client-centered practice, understanding system complexity, and health advocacy within multidisciplinary teams .
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What Are The Common Difficulties Associated With Depression
Depression will affect individuals differently. People with depression may feel sad or emotional and struggle to feel motivated to carry out activities that previously they would have enjoyed. It can also cause people to lose their appetite or over eat and feel that they do not have the ability to cope with daily life.
Fatigue is also a symptom of depression and can cause a person to remain in bed away from others rather than engage in work or social activities.
If you would like to learn more about how we as occupational therapists can help people overcome common difficulties associated with depression, you will find some useful links at the bottom of this page.
Psychosocial Pharmacology For Depression Ot / Nbcot Exam Study Guide
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Occupational Therapists And Mental Health And Wellness
An occupational therapist assesses each client holistically. For each client, they will consider various factors such as:
- Values, beliefs, spirituality, mental function, sensory function, etc.
- Performance skills
- Environment or context
- Performance patterns
Your occupational therapist will work with you to promote, establish , maintain, or modify tasks to help you participate fully in your daily life. Furthermore, occupational therapists will seek to prevent potential barriers to participation in desired activities.
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